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Medetomidine belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha 2 adrenergic agonists and is similar to clonidine and xylazine. Due to the large doses used in zoo and wildlife species, this drug must be considered dangerous in case of a significant accidental human exposure. Special care is recommended when treating very young animals and older animals. Medetomidine has some advantages. Semi-quantification of brain perfusion gave lower perfusion indices in several sub-cortical regions in conditions M and MK, compared to A. Left-right differences were observed in the temporal cortex (A), the temporal, parietal cortex and the thalamus (M) and the frontal cortex (MK). Protect from freezing. MPV 785. In practice, this means that large dogs require relatively lower doses than smaller dogs. Medetomidine may be administered at a dose rate of 10, 20 or 40 mcg/kg (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 ml/kg). The drug has been developed by Orion Pharma. Excretion of 3H-labeled medetomidine is mainly in the urine: 41% over 72 hours compared with 18% in the feces. Medetomidine provides better sedation and analgesia than xylazine and has a longer duration of action (Tyner et al., 1997). Both medetomidine and detomidine can induce loss of the righting reflex in young chicks (MacDonald and Virtanen, 1992). Domitor is a potent α2-agonist which should be used with caution with other sedative or analgesic drugs. Precaution should be used while handling and using filled syringes. The drug has … Five percent or less of the urine radioactivity is unchanged medetomidine. Levomedetomidine. Users with cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension or ischemic heart disease) should take special precautions to avoid any exposure to this product. Leigh Lamont, in Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management (Second Edition), 2009. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IM administration of medetomidine or xylazine to dogs reduced tear flow in a dose-related manner. It also facilitates minor surgical procedures (with or without local anesthesia) and dental care where intubation is not required. Controlled Substance: Schedule CIII. The product information sheet contains detailed tables on volume of drug to administer for different weights of dogs. Medetomidine causes peripheral vasoconstriction, which gives mucous membranes a slight mauve appearance that may be mistaken for cyanosis. Vasoconstriction can prevent satisfactory pulse oximetry and venepuncture for blood collection or intravenous fluid therapy. The molecular formula is C13 H16 N2•HCl and the structural formular is: Each mL of Medeto… Atipamezole is 200 times more selective for α-2 adrenoceptor receptors than yohimbine (Virtanen, 1989). > Schedule 8 / Controlled Drug or Drug of Dependence – As for S4 but because of their high abuse potential, additional security and accountability is required. Although the mucous membranes appear to be cyanotic, P aO2 is only slightly depressed. Respiratory responses include an initial slowing of respiration within a few seconds to 1-2 minutes after administration, increasing to normal within 120 minutes. Current Stock: Description. The pharmacological restraint and pain relief provided by medetomidine facilitates handling dogs and aids in the conduct of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. ... common component of preanesthetic protocol. of Pfizer Inc, NY, NY 10017, Copyright © 2021 Animalytix LLC. Medetomidine has a steep dose–response curve and doses should, ideally, be calculated on a body surface area basis rather than on bodyweight. Single i.v. Controlled drugs and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations as they relate to veterinary medicines. Can be used as a single agent for euthanasia. In practice this means that smaller dogs require relatively higher doses than large dogs. ® CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 N N H • HCl Developed and manufactured by: An initial decrease in tidal volume is followed by an increase. Medetomidine is a synthetic compound used as a surgical anesthetic and analgesic. It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride, a crystalline white solid. The following table is a guideline for doses: It is marketed for small animal practice as 1 mg/mL (1000 µg/mL). The cut-off weight between higher and lower dose rates is 15 kg, so that dogs <15 kg need a higher dose and dogs >15 kg need less. 3. The principal metabolite in rats is hydroxydetomidine glucuronide. It also facilitates minor surgical procedures (with or without local anesthesia) and dental care where intubation is not required. Sedation is achieved at 2 µg/kg IV and increasing the dose rate increases the intensity and duration of sedation, from 60 minutes after 5 µg/kg to 120 minutes after 20 µg/kg. Medetomidine is an intravenously available alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Spontaneous muscle contractions (twitching) can be expected in some dogs sedated with medetomidine. Following i.v. 4,544,664 and 4,670,455 Domitor® is a trademark of Orion Corporation. It is a white, or almost white, crystalline, water soluble substance having a molecular weight of 236.7. It is the standard opioid against which all others are compared. The use of medetomidine in combination with ketamine is described in Box 4.5. 2020 Equine Prohibited Substances List CONTROLLED MEDICATION Prohibited Substances include any other substance with a similar chemical ... Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug . Elimination from plasma is rapid, with reported half-lives varying between 0.96 and 1.28 hours (Kuusela et al., 2000; Salonen, 1992). If irritation or other adverse reaction occurs (e.g., sedation, hypotension, bradycardia), seek medical attention. Hypoxia occurs during anaesthesia with medetomidine and oxygen should be administered throughout the anaesthetic period (Flecknell, 2000). Female mice appear to be more resistant to the effects of this anesthetic combination than male mice (Cruz et al., 1998; Taylor et al., 2000). The cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine are similar to previously described, however, the changes are quantitatively similar for doses ≥5 µg/kg (Pypendop & Verstegen, 1998). 1992; Plumb 2008; Carpenter … The alpha2 agonists may be used for sedation, analgesia, and minor surgical procedures. When using IV medetomidine, a reduction of the recommended dosage (ie, +/-30 to 40 microg/kg) by up to 6 times did not significantly influence the cardiovascular effects. It is an α2 adrenergic agonist that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water. Vomiting occurs in about 20% of dogs receiving medetomidine, which is less than xylazine. of drugs used and the dosage(s) of the other drug(s). The duration of analgesia may be 45 minutes without further drug administration, and the time to standing will be approximately 90 minutes. Premedication with medetomidine will significantly reduce the dosage of the Controlled drugs: Veterinary medicines. After an initial open dose-finding study, double-blind, placebocontrolled designs were used. When administered i.m. Detomodine hydrochloride is a sedative with analgesic properties. Medetomidine (Domitor®) is an α-2 adrenoceptor agonist with 10 times greater specificity than xylazine and fewer notable side effects (Virtanen, 1989). Medetomidine// An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. Medetomidine is presently the only α2-agonist used routinely as an analgesic adjuvant in dogs and cats, so further clinical discussions will focus on this agent. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 1 Apr 2021), Cerner Multum™ (updated 5 Apr 2021), ASHP (updated 6 Apr 2021) and others. Injection s.c. of medetomidine resulted in poor absorption and unpredictable effect. class II controlled substance. This article reviews some of the current literature on these two drugs, to assess whether dexmedetomidine should be used in preference to medetomidine. Trim BVSc, MRCVS, DVA, DACVA, DECVA, in Veterinary Anaesthesia (Tenth Edition), 2001. The IM dose rates given to induce profound sedation are up to 750–1000 µg/m2. In case of accidental skin exposure, wash with soap and water. Medetomidine can be used on its own as a premedicant or it can be combined with ketamine to provide surgical anaesthesia. 2020 Equine Prohibited Substances List CONTROLLED MEDICATION Approximately 85% of the drug in plasma is protein-bound. Medetomidine is a synthetic drug used as both a surgical anesthetic and analgesic. Used as an antifouling substance in marine paint and as a general anaesthetic as a sedative and analgesic drug for a variety of animals. Less muscle tissue inflammation has been observed when medetomidine is combined with ketamine (versus ketamine alone) (Sun et al., 2003) for IM injections in rats, which may be related to the lesser concentration of ketamine used in multimodal treatment. Following medetomidine administration dogs often breathe in an irregular manner, periods of up to 45 seconds of apnoea being followed by several rapid breaths. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Simple hepatic hydroxylation can explain the rapid removal of the drug; metabolism is regulated primarily by hepatic blood flow (Salonen, 1992). Medetomide alone can be used for deep sedation and analgesia with rapid reversal by its specific antagonist, atipamezole (Antisedan®) (Virtanen, 1989). injection, recumbency may occur within 6 minutes or take 30 minutes and likewise, the time to standing is variable from 1.5 to 2.0 hours. The use of medetomidine for premedication greatly reduces the doses of subsequent anaesthetic required in a dose-dependent manner, e.g. Medetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist widely used in dogs, producing sedation, analgesia and cardiovascular depression. Butorphanol tartrate is a synthetically derived opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series, with a potency of about four to seven times that of morphine. In mice, very low doses of medetomidine are anxiolytic without obvious signs of sedation (MacDonald et al., 1989). administration to a limited number of horses under controlled, scientific conditions. Cardiovascular changes (such as profound bradycardia and second degree heart block) equally affect both heartworm negative and asymptomatic heartworm positive dogs. Jeffery R. Zuba, Mark Greenberg, in Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9, 2019, Medetomidine is considered the most selective of all the α-2 agonists and is currently prepared only in formulations intended for zoo and wildlife species.6,19 It is available in highly concentrated injectable solutions (20 and 40 mg/mL, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); therefore it may be combined in darts with UPOs and other drugs intended for nondomestic ungulate and megavertebrate species. Medetomidine has a steep dose–response curve and doses should, ideally, be calculated on a body surface area (BSA) rather than on body weight. The originating document has been archived. The dose should furthermore be adjusted to the type of surgery, length of procedure and patient temperament and weight. The sedative effect is increased in senior dogs and frequently half the dose rate will have the same effect as the full dose in a younger dog. The drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Medetomidine is an equal mixture of two optical enantiomers, dexmedetomidine and levomedetomidine. It is normally found as its hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride. Is Medetomidine a controlled substance? It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE. A comprehensive series of articles on the veterinary use of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine have been published (Daunt and Maze, 1992; Lammintausta et al., 1989; Murrell and Hellebrekers, 2005). L.W. In rats, ketamine/medetomidine anesthesia can be prolonged with the addition of buprenorphine (Hedenqvist et al., 2000). Investigations relating to the use of anticholinergics with medetomidine have confirmed that incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is higher when atropine and medetomidine are administered at the same time; an effect which is not observed when the atropine is given 10 or more minutes before the medetomidine. Reverse with atipamezole at a dose of 25-300 mcg/kg (equal to volume of medetomidine used) IM. Dexmedetomidine is the active component, whereas levomedetomidine is considered pharmacologically inactive (though it may play a role in drug interactions).19, Racemic medetomidine is lipophilic, facilitating rapid absorption after intramuscular administration; peak plasma concentrations are reached in approximately ½ hour.21, Elimination of medetomidine from plasma is also rapid, with reported half-lives varying between 0.9619 hour and 1.28 hours.21, Medetomidine/dexmedetomidine are the most specific α2-agonists available clinically with an α2:α1 binding ratio of 1620:1.18.

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